macrae-nets Map future exponentials humanity values Trust-flow*Transparency*Sustainability
Friday, March 31, 2006
Bhasha Friends stand up for rights of Nomads; it was also a co-host of the 2004 annual meeting of Global Reconciliation Network in Delhi (probably more than any other network I feel proud to be a small part of GRN)
Before attending the 2004 conferece, whilst I had realised that my British compatriots had compounded lots of problems that still hangover the world from the days of Empire and Raj; I was not aware that upto 10% of Indians are born criminal because British law (from Raj days and stiil in force in some parts of India) viewed Nomads as dangerous to property owners. This in spit of teh fact that much land in India (and indeed through the Eastern hemisphere) isnt fertile enough to support anything other than a nomadic lifestyle.
Here a recent sample of correpondence with Bhasha friends network:
Hi
A few points on housing that may be a bit tangential but please contact me if they may be relevant to your interests
If people are renovating housing or building new shelters, I have an architectural acquaintance who assures me that solaroof shelters that incorporate algae-type roofs can photosynthesise energy needs as well as collect drinking water in humid climates at no more cost than traditional shelters - see also http://algaeworld.blogspot.com
It would be great if housing departments in the area around Ahemedabad (Gandhi's Ashram and centenary next october) were at least informed of this possibility; ditto perhaps relevant researchers at the univesity that Gandhi founded in 1920
In parallel, there was an amazing US tv interview by Charlie Rose with the Mumbai film star Shabana Azmi as part of his recent India week . She stated that she was going to become an activist on behalf of inner city slum dwellers. Her point was that redeveloping slums by offering occupants some shelter outside the city was not as useful a move as finding a way to refit slums into habitable spaces because most of these folk still had to travel back into the city to make a livelihood. The theme of how to make the slum system history also seems to be the core one of the habitjam that was held virtually in December as a precursor to July's conference in Vancouver
If anyone on this listing knows people in India who make decisions related to any of these architectural stages and wants to be put in contact with my photosynthesis architect friend
please contact me . Since the 1984 future history I co-authored on death of distance entrepreneurs (before Thomas Friedman became far more famous last year with The World is Flat) debating circles around me have believed that photosynthesis' clean energy wave is vital for us all to collaborate all round the world and get moving this decade
Whilst over in the Washington Dc region I have made touch with Bill Drayton of Ashoka. I am very excited about starting up web word of mouth aropund the idea of Social Entrepreneur Olympics http://social-entrepreneur.blogspot.com
If any of Bill's list of social entrepreneurs in India look like people we should ensure are connected with friends of Bhasha, please tell me and I can relay your request to Bill http://www.ashoka.org/global/aw_asia_india.cfm
Finally I am opening up discussion maps both for friends of Gandhi and friends of algae architecture experiments atwww.frappr.com/algaeworld
www.frappr.com/gandhimba
thankschris macrae wcbn007@easynet.co.uk
http://chrismacrae.blogspot.com
previously
106 Houses!Last night Shashwati and I called Roxy in Chharanager and heard someterrific news. (Skype's conference calling feature is amazing!)Just after New Year's, we'd visited a road-side settlement ofDenotified Tribal people who had been displaced from their homeland byurban development. This was in the Ahmedabad district of Maninangar.Last week, the Budhan Theatre and hundreds of other activists aroundGujarat and India staged a hunger strike on behalf of these people.Although not widely reported in the press, the hunger strikeembarrassed the Municipal Corporation into agreeing to provide thedisplaced residents of Maninangar with 106 houses!Roxy, Daxkin and the others are still working hard to make sure thatthese promises are kept, but it is a wonderful development and theyare to be congratulated on their hard work!--------Roxy and Daxkin also emphasized the important role that GN Devy (orsimply "Sir" as he is known in Chharanagar) and Bhasha played inmaking this happen.kerim--____________________________________P. Kerim FriedmanDepartment of Indigenous CulturesCollege of Indigenous StudiesNational DongHwa University, TAIWANhttp://kerim.oxus.net/______________________________
if USA slumps internationally, will local communities save the day?
a mail at omidyar.netOver the last week, I have been engrossed by the exponentials (http://exponentials.blogspot.com/ future) scenarios that emerge from 2 detailed system maps.
One has involved how far might to dollar fall on international markets
The other goes back to writing in 1984 of my father's (a leading economist) on why the only sustainable globalsiation and networking world retreats from big governance and livens up communities. THere are lots of collaboration, wellbeing and connection advantages of communities that are healthy from the grassroots up. But they are ultimately contextual, diverse. On the worst scenario of a collapsing USA, there's nothing I can suggest theoretically on a virtual conversation thread which will prevent this. However I believe that if we started a guided catalogue here and now of nominations where great american communities exist (real or virtual) then these could be studied as benchmarks if and when the fashion across America is to get rid of big non-transparent governance of the type that seems recently to have made free speech so expensive. http://www.normanmacrae.com/netfuture.html
There is so much more value to trust-flow, community purpose, transparency across communities than any accounting of other performance measures wielded by the most powerful people ever look at. Spreadsheets have been sponsored to do compute the maths of big people get bigger not all people connect (produce and demand) more deeply around erality-making instead of addictive images. Please don't think I am singling out America, even if the USA leading examples to nations of the world (as our 1984 death of distance future history mapped) could have been taken all 6 billion of us somewhere very different in the first half-life of the worldwide inuagural networking generation. In London every conversation I have turns round to closing the BBC (world's largest public broadcaster -100% owned by people not big politicians and not big corporations) unless by 2012 its spending as much money and programme content on raising world service/humanity problems we people need to solve with as much energy as it currently spends on spectators sports. http://chrismacrae.blogspot.com
PS vested interest as A Scot about 80% of us live outside our land so we tend to suggest people flow with open border models of the future in which nations' boundaries will become seen as history. The abundabce economics of global villages not scarity economics of nations seems to be the only map worthy of entrepreneurs or of revolutionaries http://entrepreneurialrevolution.blogspot.com/
A mail sent to livingtruth network late April 2006
I have 4 queries - while they are linkied in my mind and recent practices, I am not sure where they fit exactly in the sequence Andrius is building up -please relay now or at a future time if relevant
1 I am several working days into a correspondence course coordinated by the university he founded in 1920 (around the vision knowledge is that which liberates us) on everything Gandi meant by practical networking/community sustainable development around experiments with the truth. I would love to swap notes with others who specifically feel that Gandhi experimented with some clues which in Einstein's appraisal of Gandhi show he may be the only 20th C leader who provides us with sufficient emotional and systemic bridges to higher order system harmony of the kind that networking through global villages certainly requires in very transparency map I am ever invited to join in co-developing. I guess we can work out how to swap notes and future links such as the cenetnary conference being organised out of Gandhi's ashram 1 2 in Oct 2007 (as well as report backe) wcbn007@easynet.co.uk ref Gandhi 2-4 link with some clues from Gandhi
2 For 28 years now Bill Drayton at http://www.ashoka.org/ has connected Social Entrepreneurs in 40 countries (1500 of them who priparily open source projects for humanity from global vilage to global village). I am seeing the president of ashoka tomorrow who is also the Indian lady charged by the microfinance philanthropists investing in http://www.changemakers.net/. The idea of this space is to jam in projects on rotating themes currently "health for all" to ultimately ensure all heeath for all project developers are networked up http://www.changemakers.net/journal/300603/health.cfm
and across from the grassroots, and that there is a central clearing house of learnings and investment in them. Bill's 2 guiding lights from his student days in the 60s are Gandhi and ashoka, a 3rd? century leader whom Gandhi drew on a lot. I will be trying to test out how all these networks collaborate with others and how contact protocols work . I am also resting out a 4 hemisphere met-network and collaboration knowledge city map which any humanitarin network may want to linkin tio at http://clubofdelhi.blogspot.com Of course if you want to bean up cross-sections of this map from your collaboration city coordinate, please ask fo0r the html or any other programming code you need to get linking for humanity and exponential sustainability of all our futures
3 I have come across a golden triangle which has been starting me in the face for the 30 years since my father's trilogy in The Economist on Entrepreneurial and death of distance revolutions became a shared storytelling and maths mapping mission of mine to explore. As with Gandhi apex 1 insists we start with the smallest voice with a diversity right to be included but let's look for ones that can be seeded interlocally across many global village. For example as a father of a 9 year old daughter - what should all mentors of 9 year old daughters be uniting behind as the number 1 chnage-question on future learning curricula that will make us proiud of what our millions of daugthers achieve as well as enable them to co-mentor each other in sustainability and conflict resolution etc. The second apex is any media who you can lobby until it is committed to openly raise the question with the global leaders of the 1000 top-down large organisations most relevant to futurising contextual progress for humanity. The question should be raised in such a way that it is made clear that the elader's own future valuation will depend on how transparently his organisations answers and actions and collaboratively (around any risks of losing sustsainability (win-win-win) for all). Do you have a small voice that you most passionately represent seeding across millions of beings. Let's hear of it so we can test out which its 2 other triangle apexes may be mail wcbn007@easynet.co.uk my small voice apex that diversity needs planting all over the world is
4 A collaboration networking sub-theme of what 9 year olds need to be trained in and indeed all grades up to 40th is how to use media especially revolutionary new media. If you have seen last week's survey of new media in The Economist, I must say that its first section was brilaint and all its other sections were in my view disastrous in terms of how to use new media tools such as blogs at least for all of us connected by reconciliing crises or culturallty transforming living the truth goals. If you share my concern about The Economist survey- perhaps we could huddle and work out how to develop a training outline that is the opposite of that implied by the surver's modes of operandi of new media tools- wcbn007@easynet.co,uk subject new media
cheers chris macrae wcbn007@easynet.co.uk
http://globalcharters.blogspot.com/
http://clubofscotland.blogspot.com/
Thursday, March 30, 2006
Could you confirm whether this mail gets through to you and whether it is in a suitable for to give to Bill
Dear Bill
Since your kind letter to me of march 7 I have been pondering how the networks around both of our family's/co-mentors' trees could test collaboration with each other
A possibility- if it makes sense to you -is that I donate 15 man days of my time before the summer to being somewhere in your offices with a view to trying to map how your networks systemically connect locally and globally with other ones I am intimate with
Since my father's start of the Entrepreneurial Revolution trilogy in The Economist 30 years ago, I have understood that Entrepreneur is a system word: ranging from how individuals entrepreneur to how globalisation as the mother of all meta-systems exponentially rewards or conflicts with every sustainaining entrepreneurial dynamic;
to make progress I need to translate our common languages at the many Entrepreneurial (macro, micro, inter) levels from being to 6 billion beings; to check whether we use approximately the same governance/audit methods at each level; to understand say the top 30 missions that your 1500+ individual fellows have each networked over many years; and to see how these connect with the 7 collaboration waves which since 1984 we have believed will propagate through the 1984-2024 (network revolution generation worldiwde)uptilting or downtilting the sustainability of every community's deeepst diversity:such waves include photosynthesis and clean energy; education modes and curricula of networked children; global media; professions and transparent goverance; moving beyond a world where the 2000 top powers are either nations or global corporations and neither typology accepts that the biggest needs to be most ethical in colaboratively internalising its sectors most risky externality
Quite a mouthful. Still by being able to look at your 20+ year history of biggest breakthroughs and how you see future colaboration priorities today, I am confident we can find many connections especially since -thanks to Bornstein's chap 5.6 - it is clear that gandhi -and Einstein's mathematical endorsement of his view of human relations transformation http://clubofdc.blogspot.com (eg from rules to empathy or trust-flow) - are common clues we navigate the new world's mapmaking around
sincerelychris macrae
tel 301 881 1655
http://chrismacrae.blogspot.com
Dear Loutjie
I am not myself a facilitator of reconciliation but mapping who is and which
networks around the world has become a big concern of mine. My father was a
career-long journalist at The Economist and in 1976 started an
Entrepreneurial Revolution trilogy - the first 2 parts published in The
Economist; the 3rd part which I co-authored in 1984 was the book that started
the future history genre of "death of distance". We posited 7 waves which
networks and globalisation would propagate worldwide and which would need
human collaboration beyond national and top-down rule if futur5e generations
were to be sustainable. In particular our timeline suggested that around 2005
mankind's greatest risk would be success or failure in making systemic deep
poverty history
http://www.normanmacrae.com/netfuture.html#Anchor-Changin-27687
http://globalcharters.blogspot.com –each flow tends to connect its own deepest innovation networks and their needs to remove blocks or conflicts in global markets of learning, of clean energy, of professional greed and separate business casing, of eneding systemised poverty and community (deep culture) destruction, of media and other corruption and non-open ways of communicating etc
My own career as a mathematician has been spent in various modes of research into what local
societies want from global corporations and finding an ever greater gap
especially in both modes of corporate governance and system valuation of
trust-flow, transparency and compound sustainability exponentials
http://exponentials.blogspot.com
The maths of current accounting and historical economics is now perfect for
compounding conflicts, making the big bigger, extracting from people every
quarter while investing in machines. I need to know what reconciliation
networks and contexts are being developed where both for the personal interests
in seeing that my 9 year old's daughter and her future generations have a
better life, to interweave what changing the maths could do with systemic
approaches to reconciliation, and at many deep context levels which over the
years I have become concerned about if not directly situated in
To answer your question, my favourite methods and connections with networks on
reconciliation include the following. I place a high priority on networks and
methods that seek to collaborate with each other. I am of course delighted to
be told of leads unknown to me
1 Every practice and network linked with Gandhi seems pivotal to me. There are
over 10 different reasons why his methods integrate reconciliation like no
other . There's a centenary get-together from his ashram next year
http://clubofahemdabad.blogspot.com
2 Both relating to Gandhi and marvellous in their own right are
www.globalreconciliationnetwork.org - this is a network formed by an
Australian professor of medicine - as well as linking major medical expert
networks who go into disaster areas for the regeneration phase or tackle issues
such as how to restore community where HIV has decimated a generation; they
have strong youth cross-cultural movements; strong concerns for indigenous and
nomad communities; their 2004 annual congress was held in Delhi and this is
why I know of some of the people animating Gandhi's centenary event. Basically
Professor Paul Komesaroff is the epicentre for5 this movement and if people have
a letter of intro they want relayed I am happy to do so
There is also
I have to say I have not met anyone in this network but its 2006 annual http://groups.yahoo.com/group/AVPIG2006/
meeting is in S Africa and is motivated by commemorating Gandhi's influence
there
3 I regards South African Myrna Lewis Deep Democracy www.deep-democracy.net method as one of the great reconciliation methods; the other which is far simpler to facilitate but does different things is the 25 year long movement of open space founded by Harrison Owen and now practised in about 80 countries http://www.openspaceworld.com
4 I have recently started searching through entrepreneur networks and looking at which match the 7 waves of global and local change that we forecast 22 years ago would cause most conflict and systemic challenge to transform through. For example, I have established connections with the founder of www.ashoka.org who has been mapping for over 20 years local context change-makers; I am also a fan of microfinance projects and their systemic logics - a primary discussion space for this is www.omidyar.net
5 I do not see governments or large corporations or even global NGOs as likely to lead the reconciliation changes needed at the grassroots. So I try to map which philanthropic movements are doing something innovative and locally deep - two to note may be
http://www.eginitiative.org and http://www.clintonglobalinitiative.com
6 I also believe that open projects can change the world http://project30000.blogspot.com
7 There are also change politics movements beyond short-term and local left-right one dimensional lack of democracy. Two I favour whilst personally not having much time directly for traditional politicians are www.simpol.org and http://groups.google.com/group/worldcit The second of these is also associate with the world’s largest Montessori school and meetings place for eg justice which I ask people to help discuss at http://cluboflucknow.blogspot.com
That's a top level guide of where my best hopes and connections are. Always delighted to hear of more and see how we can form more collaborative connections. At the end of the day I believe we are in a war between networks who get the urgency to transform and those that don't. Both types tend to attract their own kind. To some extent I hope that what people around me can most do is offer dialogue scripts and system design maths wherever people have a context that they are seeking to transform from interlocal to global. A very serious compound maths problem is externalities where each major global market sector currently profits from compounding its greatest know risk on whichever society either knows least about it or has the least constitution (including greatest corruption) from preventing the greatest burden of the risk as being located there.
cheers
chris macrae
PS I would welcome you either returning me a similar guided tour of who's who in your view or discussion of one context you are putting your deepest passion and time into
walt said:While it is not surprising that someone with an interest in anarchy would have a parallel interest in anthropology, it is surprising that they would not realize that as a society's needs for infrastructure, commerce, services, etc. becomes more complex it necessarily follows that there becomes a greater need for structure which anarchy cannot provide because it is the ultimate in de-centralization.For example, a greater structure than anarchy can provide is required so that government can step in to prevent robber barons from creating monopolies that would take undue advantage of the populace. Another example is the cohesiveness anarchy cannot provide to assure protection on a national level. If everyone is doing their own thing, then its kind of hard to raise an army to defend more than a locality or region.
Macrae.nets from Scotland reply:
Walt. I both couldn't agree with you less and more. But then we scots are the original anarchists, our clans the original global Mac brand as anti-junk as an American singing Lennon may imagine, the early "local to global" social networkers- the grassrooted communalisers of go forth, open source, multiply diversity, http://www.economist.com/diversions/millennium/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=346669
we forefathered a lot of sports to give the English playing fields to level instead of walls to Hadrianise, we developed tv (a big mistake for which we repent), as social entrepreneurs we mapped the maths of peoples economics -trust-flow , transparency across system boundaries , exponential sustainability of our future generations, abundance economics wholly capable of investing in 6 to 10 billion beings and nature's evolutionary clean energies: we founded The Economist -a paper whose medium and mediation - has teased every too big leader to come back to ground's softlanding where for and by the people includes freedom and happiness not just finacial value's last quarter, where one small step by man is the right stuff for one gian leap for womakind - at least we wish to make all our entreprenurial revolution cases alive here, from an isle where there is time to think unlike that any global accountant has every administered o'erhttp://clubofarran.blogspot.com
however please do note that scottish law owns a peculiar structure ; it does not rush to one of 2 opposite conclusions - guilt or not guilty ; it keeps space open for as long as their is conversation for not proven; a space much needed if as Einstein first famously debated with Americans we in a flattened world of muddled up peoples and cultures -now networked cheek by jowl through death of distance http://clubofbethesda.blogspot.com - are to establish a higher order system than just being ruled by superpower alone http://clubofdc.blogspot.com
Wednesday, March 29, 2006
Trust became a big trans-atlantic issue with Queen Elizabeth's end of 2005 broadcast message to the Commonwealth on the ever-increasing risk of globalisation turning humanity on itself, and Jan 2006 State of the Union's reversal of America's addiction to petroleum economics and sports- our 1984 work was referenced as part of the brainstorm stimulus used by the president's Gathering Stormers 1 2
Who are the world's 1000 most valued people in terms of trust not money. Our preneurial research over the last 30 years seemed like a suitable archive for starting up this research - of course we'd love to be contacted by others who want to conduct the survey and share the results -ref Uni1000 and http://chrismacrae.blogspot.com
Http://project30000.blogspot.com contibues it progress in networking the world around 30000 hi-trust projects. Progress is much slower than we had forecast in our 1984 death-of-distance future history but then we were over optimistic about media
To rectify trust in media, Londoners ask for the world's help in 3 long-run campaigns
retrieve The Economist as epicentre of the social entrepreneur olympics in line with its founders values in the 1840s - ref ecosaintjames and social-entrepreneur
retrieve the BBC as the people's world service media - ref futureofbbc and the Blair Legacy and University of Stars
close down the 2012 summer olympics unless social entrepreneur arenas are given as much share of voice in BBC media coverage as sports
We continue to invite citiznes everywhere to join in connecting through the 40 million bookmarks of collaboration knowledge city through the formats of club of city and club of village which we have now helped to co-launch in 100 places and out of all hemispheres. We are building up a particular focus on the Gandhi Centenary October 2007 - A B The DC Testimonies by Einstein et al
A new space for hi-trust mapmaking is www.frappr.com - come and try out maps built around the main colaboration waves we have been monitoring since 1984
we transparency communities map organisations and networks where the vast majority of value is not in money but trust or learning or giving health or restoring community
what's interesting is that every other value than money seems to be potentially a win-win-win and flow every way round the system (to safegaurd such flow audits are geared to removing conflicts and briding silos)
mathematically to sustain this you need exactly opposite maths from current accounting's separation; our maps seek to open source the simplest minimum audit needed so that trust-flow multipies; boundary transparencies do not get corrupted; the whole system exponentially multiplies forward spinning ssuatinability for all
the maths is almost as simple as the difference between multiply (the open connecyting operand) and add (the separation or closed addiction operand)
Maps lead also to an interesting question - just suppose that even corporations are hybrids of cash-flow and trust-flow; which is more disastrous to run out of cash or trust? what risk do your leaders take when they don't understand how trust multiplies - clue think Anderson ; would Anderson's leaders have made diferent decisions if instead of believing billions of dollars of valuation by busienss stakeholders and 0 value among society was rationally hard as billions+0= billions, they had known in a transparenct world of goodwill billions*0=0
Every corporate and government and professional irresponsibility compounding with globalisation - as well as failures to achieve teh systemic transformation that could make poverty history seem to me to trace back to this biggest mathematical mkistake the world has ever made
chris http://www.valuetrue.com
Tuesday, March 28, 2006
Dear Tracey
Thanks for your mail. It may be that we have more to discuss after your busy week than right now
I come for a "lets collaborate and network to invent a way to sustain a bigger footprint- a perspective of investing communally in sustainability, eg in London an epicentre of this is http://www.omniworldview.com/
A media-transforming step towards your downshiftlanguage may include educating people around the loop of let's reality make through uplift and downshift
NOT image-make through upshift and down-lifting
UPLIFTas far as I know from 30 years of listening, if we all invested sustainablyin sun, photosynthesis and algae we could have all the celansing energy climate stability and clean water we could ever dream of
BUT Equally in Downshift mode (until or unless we collaborative map such a dream harmony with nature)
I believe we need to graviate around 2 million global vilages - and Gandhi type writings are anbsolutely core to my way of exploring this - have you read much of him
I believe that http://www.changemakers.net/ is very interesting and may be braching into France righty mow, so if they look like a network you later want to connect with telll me and I will tray and make introductions in all teh right places
Social Entrepreneur Olympics A shared idea of social-entrepreneurs is that we must lobby the BBC until it covers all humanitarian experimental themes with as musch time and attention as sports. If this ever becomes a story you feel like jointly pereparing please say
village up club networkshttp:/clubofarran.blogspot.com http://clubofalmeria.blogspot.com/
social entrepreneur olympics as essence of public media sector 1984 scripts http://www.normanmacrae.com/netfuture.html
http://www.valuetrue.com/home/gallery.cfm
current http://social-entrepreneur.blogspot.com/
http://brandtheworld.blogspot.com/
http://universityofstars.blogspot.com/
http://ninenow.blogspot.com/1999_12_01_ninenow_archive.html
Monday, March 27, 2006
1 my first visit to this hall of wisdom http://allies.alliance21.org/wp/en/doc/doc.html - congratulations to all involved- looks like a mountain of work
2 I have to say that as a person I get a bit sick of the parliament word, and wonder if I am in a silent majority on that; the last thing any Brit wants is another layer of politicians taxing and bureucratising over them with the pseudo-democracy of a one-dimkensional election choice that then signs away choice on hundreds of issues - we have at least 3 layers of siging away our communal sustainability over our own affairs: local, national, EU. If I understand correctly the wp21 is more of an exploration centre of information for all peoples by all peoples. If so that needs stressing as you build awareness and convert the parliament-fazed within the silent majority. It might almost gain from the scale and deep inquiry competence of a collaboration between public sector media like the BBC, India's DD and other countries if the media collation job was overseen by a worldwide patron group reperesnting veru diversity
3 I guess I am interested in seeing some documents most people have never seen before first. For example, I would love to see an exceptions analyis by country put up at a web site; this would answer perhaps 50 to 100 questions on most basic people needs perhaps stratified by richer versus poorer countries (simply because the foci of waste may be different); for example some of the questions I would like to see exception reporting answers to among richer countries:
which countries spend more than twice their peer average on helath and get no better health
which countries spend the most on arms as a per cent of the country's wealth and why
which countries are most out of sync withe the rest of the world on taxing carbon-energy consumption so olow that it is guzzled
which so-called democratic countries have the most expensive election processes
etc
It seems to me that if both the raising and answering of these questions could be transparently done, suddenly people might start debating across places - you poor people what an expensive and rotten government of that service you are getting - how can we help you either by sharing knowledge so the cost comes down or by aligning worldwide that the priority of spending is just out of sync
I am not an expert so I imagine there are a lot better questions than the ones I have started listing. However a question I have: Does anyone know if such a questions list has already been collated in one strawman document?
chris macrae wcbn007@easynet.co.uk
http://chrismacrae.blogspot.com
current network entrepreneurial revolution campaign:
social entrepeneur olympics
